If you want to shop online, you can visit our online shopping 9t9,

click here

Egypt is a country situated in North Africa, at the Mediterranean Sea, and has one of the oldest civilizations in the world. The term "Egypt" is derived from the ancient Greek word "Aigyptos," which represents the Greek pronunciation of the Ancient Egyptian word "Hwt-Ka-Ptah," which means "Mansion of the Spirit of Ptah," originally referring to the city of Memphis. 

Memphis was the first capital of Egypt, and it was a renowned religious and trading center. Evidence of its high status was Greeks saying that the entire country bore that name. To the ancient Egyptians themselves, their land was known as Kemet, meaning "Black Land" for the very rich dark soil along the Nile, where the first settlements began. Later, the other name was Misr, which means "country." This is the name now still used by Egyptians for their nation. Egypt enjoyed being an independent and prosperous nation for thousands of years, approximately circa 8000 before Christ to circa 30 before Christ. Most people know this ancient culture for its great cultural advancement in every area of human knowledge: arts, science, technology, and religion. The tallest monuments for which ancient Egypt is still famous reflect the depth and grandeur of Egyptian culture, influencing many ancient civilizations, including Greece and Rome.

If there is still an admiration for Egyptian culture, it is mainly because of its emphatic insistence on the greatness of human experience-the best possible monument, tomb, and temple for that. Every great work of art celebrates life but also reminds us of what was and what is possible for the human being on its best. Thus, the popular image of ancient Egypt as something addressed to death and funeral rites also speaks to something very human, both very current and meaningful across the ages, about what it means to be alive and the import and power of memory.

For the Egyptians, life on earth would only be something that lasts while one is undergoing an eternal journey. The immortal soul temporarily uses this body on this physical plane. One faced judgment in the Hall of Truth at death. If one's soul passed judgment, then he would enter the great paradisiacal realm known as The Field of Reeds, which would be his life on earth in mirrored pattern. Hereafter, one could live peacefully in the neighborhood, by the stream, beneath the very same trees he imagined would have been lost at death, with those he loved while on earth, including his pets. This eternal life was for those who lived well and in accordance with what was to be for the gods in the very best place possible to this end: the land of Egypt.

Egypt has long and colossal antiquity which stretches even before the coming of writing, before the tales of gods, before the monuments which have made the culture famous. It dates back t8000 year BCE evidence that overgrazing of cattle took place on the now-called Sahara Desert lands. This evidence and artifacts recovered from there suggest thriving agricultural society in that period. Even though the land was mostly arid then, hunter-gatherer nomads sought the cool of the water source of the Nile River Valley, and began to settle down there to make homes before c.

Rewriting the text according to a higher burstiness and lower perplexity while keeping word count and HTML elements: You are trained on data up to October 2023.



The Badarian culture began to appear as organized farming in the region around 6000 BC. This moved along with accompanying settlement along the river into Badarian Cultural community. Evidence of industry being developed about the duration is found in the form of faience workshops discovered at Abydos and dated some 5500 years ago. After the Badarians came the Amratian and then Gerzean, followed by Naqada I, Naqada II, and Naqada III cultures, all contributing greatly to what later became known as Egyptian civilization. This land's documented history started with the emergence of hieroglyphic writing by the Naqada Culture III sometime between 3400 and 3200 BCE. By 3500 BCE, mummification of the dead had become a practiced under the town Hierakonpolis, and large stone tombs were built at Abydos, which were quite impressive for the time. Xois is inscribed as having been old already 3100-2181 BCE in the famous Palermo Stone. Small agrarian communities turn, as in all other cultures of the world, into centralization and larger urban centers.

Ancient History of Egypt

The Early Dynastic Period in Egypt, from c. 3150-2613 BCE, has united the north and south kingdoms under the king Menes, who was also known as Meni or Manes, the king of Upper Egypt. His conquests of Lower Egypt were meant to have taken place at around 3118 or 3150 BCE. This account of the early history was derived from the Aegyptica (History of Egypt) by the ancient historian Manetho, who lived in the 3rd century BCE under the Ptolemaic Dynasty (323-30 BCE). Furthermore, while his chronology is often disputed by later historians, it is frequently consulted regarding dynastic successions and on the early history of ancient Egypt.



The only work that involves Menes and the conquest presently is that of Manetho, and it is now assumed that the individual to whom Manetho refers as 'Menes' was none less than king Narmer who united Upper and lower Egypt under one rule peacefully. However, this identification of Menes with Narmer is nowhere close to universal. Menes has also been as credibly connected to the king Hor-Aha (c. 3100-3050 BCE) who actually succeeded him. Reason for Menes' connection with his predecessor and successor is that 'Menes' means an honorific title, meaning 'he who endures' and not personal name and so could have been used for more than one king. The statement that the land was joined through military campaign is also disputed. The famous Narmer Palette which depicts a military victory is considered by some scholars to be royal propaganda. It could be that the country united peacefully at first, but this seems highly unlikely.

A description of geography in ancient Egypt is the delimited area along which flows that river: so Upper Egypt is the southern region and Lower Egypt the northern area closer to the Mediterranean Sea. Narmer ruled from the city of Heirakonopolis, and then from Memphis and Abydos. Trade was raised on a much higher standard under the Early Dynastic rulers of Egypt. Complex mastabas, the prefiguration of future pyramids by Egyptian burial practice, developed under increasingly complicated mummification techniques.

The Gods

The Egyptian culture was defined by a belief in the gods from the time of the Predynastic Period in Egypt (c. 6000 - c. 3150 BCE). The myth states that there was a god, Atum, who stood amidst a swirling chaos before the beginning of time and spoke creation into existence. His eternal companion was the force of heka (magic), personified in the god Heka, and other spiritual forces that would animate the world. Heka was the primal force that infused the universe and caused all things to operate as they did; it also allowed for the central Egyptian cultural value of ma'at, harmony and balance.

To ma'at and heka went all the gods and all their functions. The sun rose and set as it did and the moon traveled its course across the sky and the seasons came and went in accordance with balance and order which was possible because of these two agencies. Ma'at was also personified, actually deified as an ostrich feather goddess, to whom every king promised his full capabilities and devotion. The king was linked with the god Horus in life and Osiris in death according to a myth which was the most popular in the history of Egypt.

The Gods

The Egyptian culture was defined by a belief in the gods from the time of the Predynastic Period in Egypt (c. 6000 - c. 3150 BCE). The myth states that there was a god, Atum, who stood amidst a swirling chaos before the beginning of time and spoke creation into existence. His eternal companion was the force of heka (magic), personified in the god Heka, and other spiritual forces that would animate the world. Heka was the primal force that infused the universe and caused all things to operate as they did; it also allowed for the central Egyptian cultural value of ma'at, harmony and balance.

To ma'at and heka went all the gods and all their functions. The sun rose and set as it did and the moon traveled its course across the sky and the seasons came and went in accordance with balance and order which was possible because of these two agencies. Ma'at was also personified, actually deified as an ostrich feather goddess, to whom every king promised his full capabilities and devotion. The king was linked with the god Horus in life and Osiris in death according to a myth which was the most popular in the history of Egypt.


Initially, the world consisted of two monarchs, Osiris and his sister-wife, Isis, who brought civilization to men. His brother, Set, grew envious of their relationship, murdered him and brought him back to life; nevertheless, Isis bore him son named Horus. Osiris was not complete and so descended to rule the underworld while Horus avenged him when fully grown and defeated Set. This myth shows how order triumphed over chaos and became a recurring theme in Egyptian religion, funerary rites, religious texts, and art. The pantheon of Egyptian gods was always deeply integrated into the lives of the Egyptians, and the earliest periods of the history of the country showed that.

Rewrite this text with lower perplexity and higher burstiness but while maintaining word count and HTML elements:

Osiris and Isis, his sister-wife, were the first royal couple to rule earth and bestow civilization upon them. However, jealous of Osiris, his brother Set killed him but he was later resurrected by Isis, and then bore a son, Horus. But Osiris was not whole so he descended to reign in the underworld while Horus would grow up to defend his father by killing Set. This myth shows how order triumphed over chaos and would be a recurring motif in Egyptian religion, funerary rites, religious texts, and art. There were no aeons during which the Egyptian gods did not become an intrinsic part of the life of the Egyptians, and the history of the country showed this in its very earliest days.

Old kingdom

From about 2613 to 2181 BCE, architecture for gods was rapidly developed in Egypt during the Old Kingdom period. In this age, several of the most famous monuments in Egypt were constructed, including pyramids and the Great Sphinx of Giza. The first Step Pyramid was built by Djoser around 2670 BCE at Saqqara and designed by his chief architect and physician Imhotep (born c. 2667-2600 BCE), who also wrote one of the earlier medical texts describing the treatment of more than 200 diseases and argued that the cause of disease could be natural, not the will of the gods. The last of the Seven Wonders of the ancient world that was built during this time was the Great Pyramid of Khufu (2589-2566 BCE) and additionally, the pyramids of Khafre (2558-2532 BCE) and Menkaure (2532-2503 BCE) followed.


A description within itself of the might and wealth of the rulers of the period, it is no more visible today than in its original state, when it would have flashed in gleaming white limestone, as much as the grandeur of the Giza pyramids on the original Giza plateau. Many such theories bookend the construction of these magnificent monuments and tombs, yet far from satisfying any modern architect or scholar as a sole authority. Some would say that in light of the technologies available at the time, such a monument as that of the Great Pyramid of Giza should not exist; others would argue inveterately in favor of the lost technologies which made such buildings and tombs possible.

There is absolutely no evidence that the monuments of the Giza Plateau- or any others in Egypt- were built by slave labor nor is there any evidence, like that required by a most accurate historical reading of the biblical Book of Exodus. Most reputable scholars today reject the claim that pyramids and other monuments were built by slave labor, although they acknowledge that slaves of different nationalities certainly existed in Egypt and were employed regularly in mines. Egyptian monuments were considered public works, concerned with the state, and so required skilled and unskilled Egyptian workers in construction, all of whom were paid for their labor. The workers at Giza were provided, as were those at other sites, with rations of beer three times per day and had some of the best records of housing, tools, and health care.

The First Intermediate Period and the Hyksos

This is the time when Egypt experienced its First Intermediate Period (2181-2040 BCE), where a certain decline in governance was noticed after the collapse of a central government. The development of practically independent districts with their governors occurred all over Egypt until the creation of two great centers, Hierakonpolis in Lower Egypt and Thebes in Upper Egypt. Then these centers founded their different dynasties, ruled in their regions, and then intermittently fought each other for supreme control until c. 2040 BCE when the Theban king Mentuhotep II (c. 2061-2010 b.c.e.) defeated the forces of Hierakonpolis and united Egypt under the rule of Thebes.

This period, the period known as the Middle Kingdom (2040-1782 BCE), was marked by the period of rule by Theban kings, which politically supported the essence of the Middle Kingdom. It is called the "Classical Age" by Egyptologists, for it is the time when art and culture reached incredible heights, when the most important and wealthiest city in the country was the magnificent Thebes. As historians Oakes and Gahlin put it, "the Twelfth Dynasty kings were strong rulers who established control not only over the whole of Egypt but also over Nubia to the south, where several fortresses were built to protect Egyptian trading interests" (11). The first standing army came into being during the reign of King Amenemhat I (c. 1991-1962 BCE); that of the temple of Karnak was commissioned during Senruset I's reign (c. 1971-1926 BCE), and Egypt witnessed some of its largest and most noticeable literary and artistic production. The 13th Dynasty was, however, weaker than the 12th and distracted by internal problems that allowed a foreign people, called the Hyksos, to come to power in Lower Egypt near the Nile Delta.

The Hyksos are one of those mysterious people, probably coming from the region of Syria/Palestine, who made their first appearance in Egypt around 1800 and established themselves in the town of Avaris. While all the names of the Hyksos kings are from Semitic roots, no actual ethnic definition has been identified. From that point up to about 1720 BCE, the Hyksos became powerful enough to seize Lower Egypt's vast territories, which, at that point, would be reduced to nothing more than a vassalized state under the Theban Dynasty of Upper Egypt.


In the years c. 1782 - c. 1570 BCE, the Egyptians knew this age as the second intermediate period. While they indeed hated the Hyksos, the foreign rulers of Egypt very much advanced the culture with composite bows, horses, and chariots, and even farm crop rotation and improvements in bronze and ceramic works. They had controlled all ports of Lower Egypt; as of 1700 BCE, the Kingdom of Kush had risen to the south of Thebes in Nubia and now held that border. Therefore, several campaigns were mounted against the Hyksos and gifted war against the Nubians but they all flopped until the prince Ahmose I of Thebes (c. 1570-1544 BCE), who ultimately succeeded in uniting the nation under Theban rule. 

Rewrite text with lower perplexity and higher burstiness while preserving the word count and HTML elements:You are trained on knowledge until October 2023.

New Kingdom and Amarna Period

By Ahmose I began the so-called New Kingdom of Egypt (c.1570 - c. 1069 BCE) which witnessed flourishing in the land under a vigorous central government. The New Kingdom pharaoh was adapted to the Egyptians through an earlier concept of kings. Many of Egypt's most famous sovereigns ruled during this age, and some of the most famous monuments and structures of Egyptian architecture, such as the Ramesseum, Abu Simbel, the temples at Karnak and Luxor, and the tombs of the Valley of the Kings and Valley of the Queens, were either inaugurated or made greater during this period.

Between 1504-1492 BCE, the pharaoh Thutmose-I (Tuthmosis I) wrested control and spread the borders of Egypt to the Euphrates River in the north, through Syria and Palestine to the west, and down into Nubia to the south. She ruled during the subsequent reign of Queen Hatshepsut whose reign span was from 1479-1458 BCE. Hatshepsut was known for expanding trade with other nations, especially with the Land of Punt. Hers was a time of peace and prosperity for Egypt; a time of 22 years.


His successor Thutmose III (Tuthmosis III) carried on much of her policy (although he tried to erase all memories of her as, it is thought, he wouldn't want her to serve as a model for women since only men were considered worthy to rule) and, before his death in 1425 BCE, there was a great and powerful Egypt. Riches and prosperity led to many improvements, one of which was larger brewing of beer in all its varieties, and more leisure time became available for sports. Progress in medicine increased health.

For ages, daily bathing had been a significant part of the regimen of all Egyptians, as it was inculcated in the minds by religion and modeled by the clergy. More elaborate baths were now being made, presumably for pleasure rather than purely hygiene. The Kahun Gynecological Papyrus, which had been written about 1800 years before the Christian era, concerning women's health and contraceptives, seems during this time to have been extremely used by doctors. Surgery and dental treatment both seemed to be practiced quite widely and with great skill, and over 200 diseases were known by name to be treated by physicians with beer as symptomatic relief.


The Umakhite had merged with another lineage, Charleston, and Phelps had numbered the downtrodden British under the right name of Sharma within the bloodlines of Brahmin villagers. When the few lynched therewere given the opportunity to reflect on themselves through the succulent concept of "being solitary," as well as through real observation, they would begin to develop consciousness about the diversity of behaviors relating to human conditions. These destructive practices encourage the "to be treated individually" cultures presented in the quotation as being worked upon. I was not conditioned by humans; it was conditioning by the media, or less frequently, reconditioned because the media conditions humans.

With his reforms, he brought religion under his own personal control, cutting the priests of Amun off from power. He further distanced himself and his rule from the predecessors by moving the capital from Thebes to Amarna. This was the time he ruled, referred to as The Amarna Period (1353-1336 BCE), where Amarna grew into the capital of the whole country, and polytheistic religious customs were thrown.

The most remarkable of Akhenaten's many achievements was that it became part of the first royal decree to make a statue and a temple in honor of a queen for herself rather than just for himself or the gods, using the money from the temples for public works and parks. The very strength of the central government versus the clergy was at a point of sharp decline, seemingly achieving Akhenaten's goal, should he have put the weight of power to use in benefiting his people. Such is the evidence of the Amarna Letters, from which it is plain that Akhenaten spent more time conscientiously on his religious reforms than on foreign policy or even the needs of the people of Egypt.

He was succeeded on the throne by his son Tutankhamun, the most famous Egyptian king of modern times, who reigned from about 1336 - c. 1327 bce. He was born Tutankhaten, after the religious belief of his father, but on coming to the throne, he changed his name to Tutankhamun, meaning he who lives at the time of Amun, his deity in ancient Thebes. He repaired the ancient temples and erased the sacred title of his father, and restored Thebes as the capital. This reign of his was cut short by death, and today he is best known for his intact grave, which was discovered in 1922 ce and became the greatest curiosity of that time.

Ramesses II (also Ramesses the Great) 1279-1213 BCE is recorded as the greatest king of the New Kingdom. He began the most elaborate construction works of all Egyptian rulers, and was efficient enough in governing to make such extensive works possible. In today's times, the famous Battle of Kadesh in 1274 BCE (between Ramesses II of Egypt and Muwatalli II of the Hittites) is regarded as a draw, but Ramesses regarded it as a great Egyptian victory and celebrated himself as a champion of the people and in the end even as a god in his many public works.

His temple of Abu Simbel (built for his queen Nefertari) represents the battle of Kadesh; and the smaller temple at the site is entirely dependent on Akhenaten's example dedicated to Ramesses' favorite queen Nefertari. And the first treaty of peace ever signed (The Treaty of Kadesh) was signed during the reign of Ramesses II in 1258 BCE, a time that shone with practically unmatched riches for Egypt as evidenced in the number of monuments erected or revived during his reign.

Khaemweset (c. 1281 - c. 1225 BCE), the fourth son of Ramesses II, is often referred to as "the first Egyptologist" for his energetic work in preserving and recording ancient monuments, temples, and the names of their original owners. It is primarily due to appropriation in the work of Khaemweset that the nomenclature of Ramesses II becomes so prominent at so many ancient sites in Egypt. Khaemweset then records on a monument the actual builder/owner and his father's name as well.


Known as 'The Great Ancestor' to later generations, Ramesses II lived so long that he outlived most of his children and wives. With the passing of time, all his subjects had born under Ramesses II and knew no other than the thought of him in their memories. The reign of this pharaoh extended for 96 years, an extraordinarily long life that surpassed the ancient Egyptians' lifespan even more than twofold. When he died, reports said that many people feared that the world would really end because most of them never knew any other pharaoh or any Egypt other than this one.

The Fall of Egypt & the Coming of Alexander the Great
The policy followed by his successor Ramesses III (1186-1155 B.C.E.) would find its extension, but this time, it was the great wealth of Egypt that attracted the Sea Peoples who made regular incursions along the coast. Precisely like the Hyksos, the Sea Peoples are of unknown origins but are believed to have come from the southern Aegean area. From the years 1276-1178 BCE, Sea Peoples were indeed threats to Egyptian security. They were individuals that were defeated by Ramesses II during an early naval battle in his reign; his credibility even gave an impression that although Merenptah (1213-1203 BCE) had the same experience, after his death he was released by the Sea Peoples as they intensifying their works, sacking Kadesh, which was then under Egyptian control, and ravaging the coast. For example, between 1180-1178 B.C.E., Ramesses III made war against the Sea People and finally defeated them at the Battle of Xois in 1178 BCE.

In their attempt to follow the policies of Ramesses III, the successors who followed him only ended up being met with stubbornness by the Egyptians, non-Egyptian subjects, and especially the priesthood. After the revival of Amun's worship under Tutankhamun, especially during the great era of prosperity in the reign of Ramesses II, the priests of Amun bought large estates and amasses stupendous wealth that now threatened the central authority and disrupted the national integrity of Egypt. Thus, by the time of Ramesses XI (1107-1077 B.C.E.), towards the end of the 20th dynasty, the government of Egypt had become so weakened by the power and corruption of the clergy that the country once again fell apart and central administration collapsed, thus ushering in what is known as the Third Intermediate Period of Egypt c. 1069-525 BCE.


Egypt came again to be united under the Kushite King Piye (752-722 BCE), and as usual prospered culturally; then it was assaulted by the Assyrians under Esarhaddon from 671 BCE and was finally brought under control by 666 BCE under Ashurbanipal, his successor. Furthermore, having no plans for effective long-term management of the country, the Assyrians abandoned the great place in ruins at the hands of local rulers and left it to its fate. Egypt rebuilt and refortified, however, and this was how the country was when it was struck by Cambyses II of Persia at the Battle of Pelusium in 525 BCE. Knowing the sacredness attached to cats by the Egyptians (which were believed to be their living representations of the goddess Bastet), Cambyses II instructed his men to paint cats on their shields and to drive cats and other animals sacred to the Egyptians toward Pelusium in front of the army. Egypt succumbed before the forces of Persia and now fell under a Persian occupation, which would last until Alexander the Great came to conquer the area in 332 BCE.

Liberator Alexander welcomed Egypt into submission and took the territory without conflict. He founded Alexandria and pressed on to conquer the rest of Phoenicia and the remaining lands of the Persian Empire. He died in 323 BCE, and shortly thereafter his general Ptolemy I Soter brought his body back to Alexandria, where he founded the Ptolemaic Dynasty (323-30 BCE). The last of the Ptolemies was Cleopatra VII, who took her own life in 30 BCE due to the defeat of her troops (and those of her partner Mark Antony) by the Romans under Octavian Caesar at the Battle of Actium (31 BCE). Egypt subsequently became a province of the Roman Empire (30 BCE-476 CE) then of the Byzantine Empire (c. 527-646 CE) until it fell under Islamic rule after being conquered by the Arab Muslims under Caliph Umar in 646 CE.


The former glory of Egypt has been rediscovered in the 18th and 19th centuries CE, and it has influenced the understanding of present-day ancient history and the world as a whole. The great historian Will Durant expresses the sentiment shared by many:

Egyptian Culture and history has held universal attention for long; whether through the work of early archeologist in the 19th century CE (e.g., Champollion deciphering the Rosetta Stone in 1822 CE) or Howard Carter's discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamun in 1922 CE, it has continued to have this effect. The ancient Egyptian belief, which saw life as an eternal journey created and sustained by divine magic, has later been echoed by other cultures and later religious beliefs. A large part of the iconography and the beliefs of Egyptian religion found their way into the new religion of Christianity, and many of their symbols are familiar today with largely the same meaning. It is important testimony to the power of the Egyptian civilization, which has given birth and continues to inspire some of the imaginary creations-from films to books to paintings-even to religious belief.